The Comprehensive History of Sri Lanka | From Ancient Civilizations to Modern Nationhood | History of Sri Lanka

Introduction

Sri Lanka, often referred to as the "Pearl of the Indian Ocean," is an island nation with a rich and diverse history. Located strategically along the ancient maritime trade routes, Sri Lanka has been a hub of cultural, religious, and economic exchange for thousands of years. The history of this island is marked by the rise and fall of powerful kingdoms, the influence of foreign colonizers, and the resilience of its people. This extensive guide will take you on a journey through Sri Lanka's past, from its earliest human settlements to its emergence as a modern nation-state.

Why Understanding Sri Lanka's History is Important

Understanding Sri Lanka's history is crucial for several reasons. First, it provides insight into the cultural and religious diversity that defines the nation today. Second, it offers context for the social and political dynamics that have shaped the country, including the long civil war that ended in 2009. Finally, a deep appreciation of Sri Lanka's history helps in understanding its current place in the global arena, including its strategic importance in the Indian Ocean region.

Prehistoric Sri Lanka | The Dawn of Civilization

Early Human Settlements

The history of Sri Lanka dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of human settlements as early as 125,000 years ago. Archaeological findings in various parts of the island, including tools and human remains, suggest that the island was inhabited by early humans during the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods.

The Balangoda Man

One of the most significant prehistoric findings in Sri Lanka is the discovery of the Balangoda Man, a prehistoric human who lived in the island's central highlands around 30,000 years ago. The Balangoda Man is known for his distinct skeletal features and is considered a direct ancestor of the island's indigenous people.

The Rise of Early Societies

As humans began to settle and form communities, they developed rudimentary forms of agriculture and animal husbandry. The island's fertile lands and abundant water sources supported the growth of these early societies, laying the foundation for the emergence of more complex civilizations.

The Anuradhapura Kingdom | The Birth of a Civilization

The Founding of Anuradhapura

The Anuradhapura Kingdom, established around 377 BC, is one of the earliest and most significant civilizations in Sri Lankan history. Anuradhapura, the capital city, became the center of political, religious, and cultural life on the island. The kingdom was founded by King Pandukabhaya, who is credited with organizing the first central administration and establishing the city's infrastructure.

The Spread of Buddhism

One of the most defining aspects of the Anuradhapura period was the introduction and spread of Buddhism. Around 247 BC, during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa, Buddhism was introduced to Sri Lanka by the Indian Emperor Ashoka's son, Mahinda. This event had a profound impact on Sri Lankan society, shaping its culture, art, and governance.

Architectural and Cultural Achievements

The Anuradhapura Kingdom is renowned for its architectural and cultural achievements. The city itself was home to some of the most impressive structures of the ancient world, including massive stupas (dagobas), monastic complexes, and reservoirs. The construction of the Jetavanaramaya stupa, for example, was a monumental achievement, standing as one of the tallest structures of its time.

The Decline of Anuradhapura

Despite its many achievements, the Anuradhapura Kingdom eventually began to decline due to internal strife, invasions from South India, and the depletion of resources. By the 10th century AD, the kingdom was in decline, paving the way for the rise of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom.

The Polonnaruwa Kingdom | A New Era of Prosperity

The Rise of Polonnaruwa

Following the decline of Anuradhapura, the capital of Sri Lanka was moved to Polonnaruwa in the 11th century AD. The Polonnaruwa Kingdom is often considered a golden age in Sri Lankan history, marked by political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural development. The kingdom was initially established by King Vijayabahu I, who successfully repelled South Indian invaders and unified the country under his rule.

The Reign of Parakramabahu I

One of the most notable rulers of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom was King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 AD), whose reign is often regarded as the pinnacle of Sri Lankan civilization. Parakramabahu is best known for his extensive irrigation projects, which transformed the island's agriculture and supported a growing population. His famous declaration, "Let not a drop of water that falls on the earth in Sri Lanka go to the sea without benefiting man," reflects his commitment to maximizing the island's resources.

Cultural Flourishing and Architectural Marvels

Under Parakramabahu I, Polonnaruwa became a hub of cultural and artistic activity. The king sponsored the construction of numerous temples, palaces, and other public works, many of which still stand today as UNESCO World Heritage sites. The Gal Vihara, a rock temple featuring four massive Buddha statues, is one of the most iconic monuments from this period.

The Decline and Fall of Polonnaruwa

Like its predecessor, the Polonnaruwa Kingdom eventually fell into decline. A combination of internal conflicts, invasions, and economic difficulties weakened the kingdom, leading to its eventual collapse in the late 13th century. The capital was subsequently moved to various locations, including Dambadeniya and Kotte, as the island entered a period of political fragmentation.

The Kandy Kingdom | The Last Bastion of Independence

The Emergence of the Kandy Kingdom

The Kandy Kingdom, located in the central highlands of Sri Lanka, emerged as a significant political power in the late 15th century. Unlike the coastal kingdoms that fell to European colonizers, Kandy maintained its independence for several centuries, largely due to its strategic location and the diplomatic acumen of its rulers.

Resistance Against European Colonization

The Kandy Kingdom is best known for its successful resistance against European colonization. Despite repeated attempts by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British to conquer the kingdom, Kandy managed to retain its sovereignty through a combination of military strategy, alliances, and negotiation.

The Kandyan Convention and British Control

In 1815, the Kandyan Convention marked the end of the kingdom's independence, as the last king of Kandy, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, was deposed by the British. This event led to the entire island coming under British colonial rule, which lasted until Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948.